英語語音——摩擦音

fricatives / fricative consonants (摩擦音，或擦音),manner of articulation: For all the fricatives the air comes out through a narrow opening, causing the friction-like sound. There are 9 fricatives, forming the largest set of consonants in English. / f / / h /,fricatives / fricative consonants (摩擦音，或擦音),/ f / , / v / Form a narrow opening: press the lower lip against the upper teeth. Let the air breathe out through the narrow opening between the upper teeth and the lower lip / f /: voiceless / v /: voiced place of articulation: labio-dental (唇齒音) Practice: P6,Labiodental (唇齒音): /f/ /v/,Side view for the articulation of /f/ /v/,fricatives / fricative consonants (摩擦音，或擦音),/ T / , / D / Form a narrow opening: 1. (for RP) put the tip of the tongue against the upper teeth or 2. (for GA) between the upper teeth and the lower teeth. Let the air breathe out through the narrow opening between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth / T /: voiceless; / D /: voiced place of articulation: (for RP) dental (齒音), (for GA) interdental (齒間音) Practice: P7,Dental (齒音): /θ/ /e/,Side view for the articulation of /θ/ /e/,fricatives / fricative consonants (摩擦音，或擦音),/ s / , / z / Form a narrow opening: put the tip and blade of the tongue towards the upper teeth ridge / put the tip of the tongue at the back of the upper or lower teeth. Let the air breathe out through the narrow opening between the tip and the blade of the tongue and the upper alveolar ridge. / s /: voiceless; / z /: voiced place of articulation: alveolar (齒齦音) Practice: P8,Alveolar (齒齦音): /s/ /z/,Side view for the articulation of /s/ /z/,fricatives / fricative consonants (摩擦音，或擦音),/ S / , / Z / Form a narrow opening: protrude the lips, move the tongue a little bit backward, raise the front of the tongue towards the hard palate with the tip pointing towards the alveolar ridge. Let the air breathe out through the narrow opening between the front of the tongue and the hard palate. / S /: voiceless; / Z /: voiced place of articulation: palato-alveolar (齒齦硬顎音) Practice: P9,Palato-alveolar(齒齦硬顎音): /?/ /?/,Side view for the articulation of /?/ /?/,Note:,英語 / S / / Z / vs. 漢語 sh (詩) r (日) 平舌音 vs. 卷（翹）舌音 平舌音：指由舌尖抵住或接近上齒齦阻礙氣流而形成的音， 卷（翹）舌音：指由舌尖抵住或接近硬顎前部阻礙氣流而形成的音,fricatives / fricative consonants (摩擦音，或擦音),/ h / Open the mouth and sigh in a relaxed manner, without voice. The air passes through the glottis (聲門). voiceless place of articulation: glottal (聲門音) Practice: P10,